In its simplest form a data this is a computer based collection of interrelated files and setup programs to access and modify the data in these files. Database software therefore a software that controls the boat structure and access to the database. The software is commonly called database management system dbms. The primary goal of dbms is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in storing, retrieving and manipulation of database information. Prior to 1960 file management operations are left for the operating system to handle. During that period, there were a lot of problems that resulted to complex anomalies in the database meant. Some of the prominent problems are .

Redundancy  and inconsistency ,

 Data access difficulty,

 Data integrity problems,

 Security problems,

 Data isolation and automata problems,

 Concurrent access anomalies.

 The data basement system provided solutions to the enumerated problems. Just brought a boost to data processing and storage using computers. There are a lot of examples of dbms. The most common ones are dbase, ms access, paradox, oracle, e.t.c.

General features of database management system. some of the features are as follows

 Organisation. The database is organised from the smallest to largest item into fields, records and files. A field is a unit of data made up of one or more characters. An example is surname, first name, e.t.c. when related fields are collected together, they form a record. While file is a collection of related records.

 Retrieve and display. With database software you can quickly locate and record in the database. With the record, you can perform any operations on the record as a whole or some fields in the record.

 Sort. Usually records are entered into a database in the order they are Generated. But with database software you can easily change the order or the records in the file.

 Calculate format and print. Most database software contain inbuilt functions all formulas for competitions. When the competition is completed, such information can be formatted and printed on paper using the database software.

  SOFTWARE:
    Software means the aggregate of the computer programs with their appropriate documentation and the data needed for the operation. At this point we wish to state that software-defined slightly from program. They are very many types of software in use today. This software vary as the fields of human discipline. All the software are grouped into system and application software.

PROGRAM:
    a computer program refers to a set of instruction written in computer language and logically organised to achieve a defined goal. Every job done by the computer is possibly through the execution of certain instructions. Computers are made intelligent through the instruction given to them. These set of instruction program are usually developed by experts in the area of computer programming and they are called programmers.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROGRAM AND SOFTWARE:
   Software comprises of program, data and documentation about the program. Program refers to the instruction written in a computer language and meant to achieve a definite goal. In most programs, they that are isolated from the codes. When the data and documentation on the use of the program is included, software is the resultant product.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE:
      Computer software can be classified into two classes thus: system software and application software.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE is the software meant to enable and manage the entire hardware in the computer system to make them more efficient and aswell present them conveniently to the user. The system software includes the operating system os and the other utility programs like language translators, disk and memory management programs, the device drivers, etc.

OPERATING SYSTEMS:
    The operating systems found the most important software in the modern computer system. They provide the means to control the computer hardware and make them available to other software. Without operating system, every application would have to contain the drive for all the hardware it will use including video card sound card hard drive and other peripherals. When they we are not available in early computers, human operators would manually load and run programs. After its invention, the operating system ensures that other application have access to memory, input and output device and the computer's file system. In general, the operating system provides the following common core service

 Disk access.

 Memory management.

 Task scheduler and user interfacing.

 There are two types of operating system namely pc operating system and network operating systems. Pc operating system refers to the operating system used for computers operating in the stand-alone mode while the network operating system is the operating system used for computers working in a multi user environment. Most of the modern pc operating system have networking features embedded in them and hence they can take part in pc networking. Some examples of operating system include .

 Microsoft disk operating system.

Microsoft window operating system windows 98 , nt, xp, m e.

Macintosh popularly called the mac.

Unix

Linux

OS/2.

 Operating system versions.
 Each operating system mentioned above has different versions. Versions of software just as auditions in books despite the modification from a lower grade to a higher grade. The higher versions of any operating system will definitely have better features and capabilities than the lower versions of the same operating system. The microsoft windows is the most popular desktop operating system. Its earlier version ms window 3.1 had no network in future, but ms window 3.11 called windows for working group had a networking feature in it. Also ms windows 95 and later versions have networking features embedded in them. Below is a list of diversion of microsoft windows operating system.

 Ms windows 3.0

 Ms windows 3.1

 Ms windows 3.11 windows for working group.

 Ms window 95

Ms windows 97

 Ms windows 98

 Ms windows millennium edition , windows me

 Ms windows 2000

 Ms windows xp launched in october 2002

 Ms windows vista launched in november 2006 .

As a program statement and data I received buying the cpu from an input device the results of the processed data are sent from the cpu to an output device. These results are transferred from the output storage onto an output medium. Some of the output units include video display unit printer floppy diskette and digital speakers amongst others.

STORAGE UNIT:
    The main or primary memory storage units are ram and rom among others. Ram stands for random access memory and it is possible to randomly select and use any location of the memory directly to store and retrieve data. The storage of data and instruction inside ram is temporary . This is because its content disappears as soon as the power to a computer is switched off. For this reason, ram is said to be bolo tara. Ron is the ics inside the computer. Rom read only memory is another primary memory. Again it is the ics inside the computer that form the rom. The rom stores some standard processing program supplied by the manufacturers to operate the personal computer. The rom can only be read by the cpu but it cannot be changed. The basic input and output program that examines and analyses various equipment attached to the personal computers when the switch is made on is stored in the room. Room is said to be none volatile. The storage capacity of the main memory is very limited. Often it is very necessary to store hundreds of millions of bytes of data for the cpu to process. Therefore additional memory is required in the computer system. This memory is called auxiliary memory and secondary memory. The data stored in the secondary memories are transferred to the primary storage as and when required.

SECONDARY STORAGE MEMORY:
 Secondary memories are required to help store additional data for the cpu to process. Some specific examples include among others hard disk floppy diskette compact disc and flash drive.

FLOPPY DISKETTE:
 A floppy diskette is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin flexible floppy magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Floppy disk read and written by a floppy disk drive or fdd. Invented by ibm, floppy disk in it, 5.25, and 3.5 for max enjoyed many years as a popular and obvious form of data storage and exchange from the middle 1970s to the late 1990s. However they have now been largely supersede buy flash and optical storage device while email has become the preferred method of exchanging small to medium digital files.
Floppy disk also known as floppies or diskettes we are the suffix etta means little one we are obiquitous in the 1980s and 1990s being used on home and personal computers pc platforms such as the apple ii macintosh and ibm pc to distribute software, transfer data between computers and create small backups. Before the popularization of the hard drive for pcs floppy disk we are typically used to store a computer's operating system os applications software and other data. Many home computers had their primary os kernels stored permanently in onboard rom chips but stored the disk operating system on a floppy whether it proprietary system or later DOS. Since the floppy drive was the primary means of storing programs, it was typically designed as the a drive. The floppy drive was the drive and does with the luxury and off a hard drive we are designated the c drive, a convention that remains with us today long after the decline of the floppy disk utility.
Floppy disk size are almost universally referred to in imperial measurements even in countries where metric is the standard and even when the size is in facts defined in metric for instance 3/2 inch floppy which is actually 90mm. Formatted capacities are generally set in terms of binary kilobyte as 1 sector is generally 512 bytes. However recent sizes of floppy are often referred to in exchange hybrid unit, that is a 1.44 floppy is in fact 1.44 x 1000 x 1024 bite which is 1.41 mb or 1.47 medium bites other formats do exist such as 1.2 mb 5/4 inch floppy variations as well as other variations for the 3.5 inch floppy disk. External usb based floppy disk drive available for computers without floppy drives, and they work on any machine that supports usb mass storage device.

HANDLING OF FLOPPY DISKETTE:
    Floppy diskette and the data stored on them are vulnerable to damage from mishandling for example that is from:

 Magnetic fields.

 Flexing or bending.

 Excessive temperature.

 Touching the magnetic surface.

 Solvent or other reactive chemicals.

 Removal of disk from a drive while in use.

 Excessive amount of dust, smoke or other pollutants e.t.c.

HARD DISK DRIVE:
   Strictly speaking drive refers to a device distinct from its medium such as a tape drive and its tape or a floppy disk drive and its floppy disk. A hard disk drive hdd commonly referred to as hard drive, hard disk fixed disk drive, is a known volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters With magnetic surfaces. Early hdd's hard removable media, however, and hdd today is typically sealed unit with fixed media.
Hdd were originally developed for use with computers. In the 21st century applications for stds have expanded beyond computers to include digital video records, digital audio players, digital cameras, video game consoles. In 2005 the first mobile phones to include hdds we are introduced by samsung and nokia.
 Hdds record data by magnetizing a ferromagnetic metal in a pattern that represent the data. They read the data by the texting the magnetization of the material. A typical hdd design consists of a spindle which holds one or more flat circular disc called platters onto which the data is recorded. The platters are made from non magnetic material usually glass or aluminium and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic materials. Older disk used iron 3 oxide as the magnetic material, but current disc use a cobalt base alloy.
 Capacity of a hard disk drive is usually quoted in gigabytes. Older hdd quoted their smaller capacity in megabytes. The physical size of a hard disk drive is quoted in inches. The majority of hdd is used in desktops today 3.5 inches 9cm wide while the majority of those used in laptops are 2.5 in cm wide . As of early 2007, manufacturers have started selling sata and sas 2.5 inch for use in servers and desktops.

USB  flash drives are NAND type flash memory data storage device integrated with a usb universal series bus Interface. They are typically small lightweight removable And rewritable. Usb memory card readers are also available, whereby rather than being built in, the memory is a removable flash memory card housed in what is otherwise a regular usb flash drive. Usb flash drive offer potential advantages over other portable storage device particularly the floppy disk . They are more compact, faster, hold more data, and are more reliable due to their lack of moving parts and more durable design. Additionally, it has become increasingly common for computer to ship without floppy disk drives. Usb ports , on the other hand appear on almost every current main screen pc and laptop. These types of drives used the usb mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as windows, mac os linux unix and others.
 A flash drive consists of a small pointed circuit board typically in a plastic or metal casing making the drive sturdy enough to be carried about in a pocket as a key fob or on a lanyard . Only the usb connector protrude from this protection, and is usually covered by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive. Most flash drives use a standard type a usb connection allowing them to be connected directly to a port on a personal computer.
 To access the data stored in flash drive, the flash drive must be connected to a computer, either by plugging it to a usb host controller built into the computer, or into a usb hub. Flash drives are active only when plugged into a usb connection and drawn all necessary power from the supplier provided that connection . However, some flash drives, especially high speed drives may require more power than the limited amount provided by a bus powered usb hub, such as those built into some computer keyboard or monitors. This drives were not work unless plugged directly to a host controller that is the port found on the computer itself or a self-powered hub.

Some of the common areas of usage includes:

System administration. Flash drives are particularly popular among system and network administrators , who load then which configuration information and software used for system maintenance, troubleshooting, and recovery.

 Computer repair. Flash drives enjoy notable success in the pc repair field as a means to transfer recovery and antivirus software to infected pcs while allowing a portion of the host machine's data to be achieved in case of emergency.

 Application careers. Flash drives are used to carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation.

 To boot operating system. In a way similar to that used in live cd one can launch any operating system from a bootable flash drive known as a live usb.

 Windows vista readyboost. In windows vista, readyboost features allow use of some flash drives to augment system memory.

Personal data transport. The most common use of flash drive is to transport and store personal files such as documents, pictures and video. Individuals also store medical alert information on media tag flash drives for use in emergencies and for disaster preparation.

 Audio players. Many companies make solid state digital audio players in a small form factor, essentially producing flash drives with sound output and a simple user interface.

INPUT UNITS: A computer must receive both data and statements to function properly and able to solve problems.  The process of entering these days and program to a computer is system input. The means of feeding the these data and programs to a computer is accomplished by input United device. Computer input decive send data to computer and these data are translated into electrictronic impulses for transfer into the COUNTRY. Some typical inputs device are keyboard,  mouse, scanner, digital camera, floppy disk, flash drive.

THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT: The central processing unit CPU is the brain of a computer system. The CPU processes data transfered to it from one of the various input units/ devices. Then transfer either an intermediate or final result of the CPU to one or more output device. A central control section and work areas are required to perform calculations or manipulat data. The CPU is the computing center of the system. It consists of a control section, arithmetic and logic section, and storage section main memory sometimes called the primary memory. Each section within the CPU serves as specific function and has a particular relationship with the other sections within the CPU.

CONTROL SECTION:  The control section directs the flow of traffic operations and data. It also maintains order within the computer. The control section selects one program statement at a time from the program storage area, interprets the and sends the appropriate electronic impulses to the arithmetic and logic section does not perform actual processing instructions. The control section instructs the input decive on when to start and stop transferring data to input storage area. It also tells the out put device when to start and stop receiving data from the output storage area.

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC SECTION: The arithmetic and logic section performs arithmetic operations such as addition,subtraction, multiplication, and division.  Through the internal logic capability, it tests various conditions encountered during processing and take action based on the results. Data flows between the arithmetic and logic section and the internal storage section during processing. Specifically data is transferred needed from the storage section to the arithmetic and logic section processed and returned to internal storage. At no time does processing take place in the storage section. Data may be transferred back and forth between these two sections several times before processing is completed. The result are then transferred from the internal storage to an output device.

INTERNAL STORAGE SECTION/BANK OF REGISTERS:  The internal storage section is sometimes called primary storage or main memory. The main memory section functions similar to our own human memory. The storage section four purposes three relat to retention holding of data during processing. Data is transferred from an input device to the input storage area where it remains until the computer is ready to process it. Secondly a working storage area scratch pad memory within the storage section holds both the data being processed and the intermediate results of the arithmetic and logic operations. Third, the storage section retains the processing results in the output storage area.  From there the processing results can be transferred to an output device. The storage section, the program storage area contains the program statements transferred from an input device to process the data. It should however, be noted that the four areas input, working storage, output and program storage, are not firmed in size or location but are determined by individual program requirements.

     There is a widespread in the use of computers due to the numerous benefits derivable from it.

1. Speed of operation:
       When compared to humans,   computers perform complex task in a much reduced time interval.
Accuracy of results:
      with computer the accuracy of result is assured and depends greatly on the data which results are arranged.
Storage retrieval of information: Information can easily be restored and stored at will provided that storage part is that storage part is known. That storage part is known.

2. Application in hazardous environment:
      Computers are employed in hazardous environment which are dangerous to human health. They could be employed as expert system in making human intelligence.
Reduction in time wastage. They reduced to a great extent the amount of time that is supposed to be needed to perform a given task.

 3. Multi purpose function:
        They are now used for a wide range of operation like multimedia for video of music, digital cameras for photographs, telephone lines for communications, scanners for documents duplication etc.

4. Portability:
       The size of today's laptop and notebooks are so small that they are easily moved from place to place, reduced in the use of external storage device.

Disadvantaged of computers:
    There are people having computer for beer and seeing the introduction of computer to all areas of human endeavour as not being welcomed. This to Them are because of the following reasons.

1. Unemployment / job displacement. Computer has due to its numerous benefits, which include the speed in processing information faster, than humans. Many technical jobs that require high accuracy are now being replaced with computers duals, creating unemployment job displacement as the case may be.

 2. Computer crime. Fraudulent computer users now apply the use of computers in execution fraud in banks, industries, establishment et c. Again they use viruses, which are destructive computer programs to attack and destroy data and program resources of organisation. The equally probe into user's privacy without authorisation.

        by this we want to look at some special features that make a computer distinct machine over all types of machines. Some of these features include high speed, versatility, accuracy, reliability and storage.

 1. High-speed computer processor execute a task in an estimated time f1 billions second that is 1/10 seconds . This is unimaginable speed in human thinking. Remember that the processor speed is not the same as that of the peripheral device like keyboard or monitor.

 2. Versatility. The computer features we are emphasizing here is its ability to perform many different types of jobs. Unlike other electronic gadgets in our home that render only one types of functions such as television, radio et c. Computer can be used to perform multiple functions at the same time even . Computer can be used to design, play v cd, dvd or games, to typeset to keep record, to calculate send message to mention but a few.

 3. Accuracy. By this we mean that computer does not make mistake. It's operate on the principle called g i g o meaning garbage in garbage out. Errors can only come from the operator since computer operations is based on the instruction set guiding the particular computer. Hence, accuracy of results assured.

 4. Reliability as long as power supply remains constant, computer performs its job continuously and never complains of being tired. In some corporate organisation a computer can be section to work for 72 hours or more.

 5. Storage. Computer is gaining popularity in different applications simply because it can store information that will be assessed afterwords and make updates or produce report. Organisations like jamb waec neco inec and nysc talk of online registration because computer can store information for a later date.

      The computer component system is made up of two main components namely hardware components and software components. The hardware is the physical part of the computer and comprises of physical devices that can be seen and touched and include input and output device storage media, uninterruptible power supply ups, stabilizers, atc. The software is a step-by-step instruction given to a computer in order to perform a specific task or solved a particular problem. Example includes programs and application packages such as pascal, word processing packages, database packages e.t.c.

      Computers came in a variety of science and varying operation processing capabilities. The different types of computers are

   Mainframe computers: they are the biggest in physical memory size occupying space and are not easily relocated because of their bulkiness. They also support large number of users multi-user system. They have high processing speed, power, and cooling requirements and as such are expensive to maintain. Classically, they have a 32 bite instruction word. The instruction word length is a parameter which indicates the number of bids that can be retrieved stored or manipulated upon a single operation hence it determines the speed of the computer. The longer the instruction word the faster the speed of vice versa.

     Minicomputers: these computers are smaller than the main frames and occupy smaller floor space than mainframes. The power and cooling requirements are proportionally smaller than that of mainframes. They are multi user systems and can support over 100 users but not like the main frames.
 The instruction word length of the mini computer is smaller than that of mainframes. They have instruction word length of 16-bit. They have a relatively large memory when compared to the main frame and are ideal for dedicated applications requiring a relative fast processing speed and large memory.

  Microcomputers: these computers are also known as personal computers pcs having a central processing unit consists of a single integrated circuit known as the micro processor. They are the smallest in size when compared with the mainframe and minicomputers. Because of its small size, they can easily be moved from one location to another requiring minimal power and cooling. Examples include desktops, tower pcs, laptops or notebooks etc'. Ordinarily one person uses a micro computer at a time except when they are configured to work as a network.
 Today they are super micro computers that have emerged youtube technology advancement. They are improvement on the classical computer in relation to their processing speed size and memory capacity. Some pcs now have what lengths ranging from 8bits, 64 bits.

Classification Based On Data Types:

1. Analogue computers. They represent numbers as physical magnitudes such as voltage, resistance, temperature, pressure et c. In essence the major values of continuous variables.

2. Digital computer. They represent data using discrete values, that is the measure values of discrete quantities expressed in a numbering system.

3. Hybrid computers. These are computers that incorporates digital computers into analogue processing elements. That in essence, means that they can function both as a digital computer and as well as an analogue computer.

Classifications Based On Purpose:
 1.   Special purpose computers. They are computers that are designed to perform specialised functions like research, diagnosis and so on. They cannot be used in other fields of life apart from the one they are produced to do.

2. multiple purpose computers. These are computers that are equipped with the capability of executing numerous task. Their configuration is such that the users is not limited to only one or peculiar functions. Greater percentage of digital computers is multipurpose.

Computers can be classified based on the following criteria namely:

Generation/ origin.
Sizes.
Data types.
Purpose.

Classification based on generation/origin
      A computer generation denotes the period of technology change in the development of computer system. These changes having grouped into first second third fourth fifth generations as discussed in the following paragraphs:

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS: 1945 to 1955
       These are the computer built between 1945 and 1955. This generation of computers was made of thermonic valves and their designs based on the architectoinal design principle developed by john von neumann. They were big and bulky, applying much space. The equally generated so much heat and assault required much cooling. They were relatively difficult to program as it was programmed using a machine language. The storage device in the early computers were making delay line which we are based on sound transmission principles. Letter was the era of magnetic drums and tapes which way are followed by core storage. The core storage which is still in use as faster access time and not volatile. Difficulties also emanated in the input and output operation because of the use of mercury relay lines which was electromagnetic. This made it performance to be slower than the electronic central processing unit cpu and those causing the cpu to be almost ideal during the execution of input and output operation.

Examples of the first generation computers include:

EDSAC  -   electronic delay storage automatic computer.

EDVAC    - electronic discrete variable automatic computer.

UNIVANC   - universal accounting computer.

LEO   -lyons electronic electronic office

ACE   - automatic computer engine.

Second Generation Computers 1959-1964:
         The second generation computers had their internal component made of transistors. Because of the advantages of the transistors as a switching element which includes being cheaper in manufacturing cost similar in size consuming less power and dissipating less heat lasting longer than the terminal valve higher reliability and faster processing time it overcame the demerit of vacuum tubes.
         They were easier to program than the first generation computers and could be applied to a wider range of data processing jobs. There was a shift from machine language to easy use english high level language. Formula translation FORTRAN developed in 1957 was the earliest of such languages. Others like ALGON, APL,COBOL AND PASCAL were also used. Each high level language has features that may make it more suitable for a particular application than others and this dedicated the choice of language made by computer users. FORTRAN was particularly good for scientific computation while COBOL common business oriented language was tailored towards business data processing. Another remarkable development was made between 1959 and 1965 in the storage and input-output area with the introduction of high speed magnetic disk which enabled the random access of data and overcame tape related sequential access problems. Second generation of computers include IBM 7030, IBM 1401, LEO MARK III AND ATLAS whose use of magnetic disk storage recorded a great success that was sustained for a long time.

Third Generation Computers 1964-1970:
      The technological innovation which ushered in this generation is the discovery of metallic oxide semiconductor is known as integrated circuits ics often called silicon chips. The silicon chips are made up of thousands of electrically connected transistors and other components package on one small chip. This computer's processed a greater input-output capabilities wilder internal storage and faster processing speed. This further development lead to low power consumption and dispersion less manufacturing cost requiring minimal cooling because of the use of ic . All these made them economical and attractive for use as mainframe and minicomputer. Examples of the third generation computers include ibm 360 icl 1900 series etc.

Fourth Generation Computers 1970-1982
       These computers use tiny solid state device called microprocessors. The number of transistors that could be integrated on a silicon cheap increased every year. The scale of integration determines how many equivalent logic gate are put on one silicon chip which includes:
small scale integration ssi less than 12 logic gates .

Medium scale integration msi greater than 12 but less than 100 logic gates.

Large scale integration lsi greater than hundred logic gate and up to a few thousand.

 Very large scale integration vls I that several thousands of equivalent logic gate are parked on one chip which can be held between the finger tips.

 Super large scale integration s v l s i millions of equivalent logic gate can be contained in a single chip.

 Again I see memory chips emerged as more viable male mercury element creating room for an increased storage capacity. This generation also witnessed the development of multiple programming and time-share which enable several users to make use of the same computer at a time and the same time such a way that it feels that he is using the computer alone. It's also witnessed the use of multi processes which share data processing task in one system. Example include intel 4004, intel 8080 , 8088,80286,80386 etc.

Fifty Generation Computers 1983-date.
      The advancement in semiconductors continue to help in producing computers with smaller size, lesser cost, lower power consumption and dispersion, phoster capability, more reliability, increased efficiency and versatility .
 One thing worthy of note is that microprocessors are still in use till date. New technologies like fibre optics quantum computing using component of chloroform molecule made up of chlorine and hydrogen atoms and magnetic resonance imaging mrt are being heard of now.

    The history of computer can be traced back to the development of a pseudo mechanical decive known as the abacus. The abacus was one of the earliest known computational device which its origin in the ancient babylonian. This was a device in which beads held with strings were manually manipulated with the aim of effecting some calculations.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, many significant development were made, finding an easier means of calculating. In 1649 john napier, a scottish mathematician develop a slide rule which had the capacity of performing multiplication, division, square roots, square, logarithm, e.t.c. The slide rule which is easy to operate is made up of two graduated rules 1 of which side upon the other. Suitable alignment for the slide leads solutions to mathematical problems, which are read of on one of the several scales on each wheel. In 1623, francis bacon made the first known use of binary code for number representation. The binary codes may use of strings of 0's and 1's. In 1642 french man blaise pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine known as machine arithmetic. The device was constructed by a system of dial, each connected to a drum. As the drums rotated cray was generated by a rocket device which caused the next higher drums be stepped onwards only one revolution. Additions and subtractions we are easily done in the device. Multiplications were achieved through a repeated addition while divisions were done though a repeated subtraction.
         In 1671, Gottfried von leibnitz improved on blaise pascal's invention by introducing series of gear changes on the drum producing an effect of a modern gear which made it possible for a direct multiplication and division. Between 1802 and 1804 joseph jacquard french textile manufacturer perfected the idea of the automated loom. He used holes punched into a series of connected cards to control the waving of fabrics. The loom used in the process sensed the pattern code into the cards and wolf the fabric accordingly. The cards were are simply sequence of cards with holes in them. These were the idea behind Hollerith's punched  cards. In 1812 charles babbage an english professor of mathematics at cambridge university came up with a theory that made it possible to construct an automatic mechanical device. In 1822 babbage demonstrated a working model of this in form of a different engine to the royal society. The difference engine was founded by the british government who later withdraw their support because babbage was constantly improving his idea without completing the original work. Later in 1834 babbage constructed and analytical engine a general-purpose calculator. The design of the machine depended on the series of 10 toothed gear wheels off jacquard inventions. The machine was not completed owing today non discovery of electronic switching. Yet this device formed the bedrock of today's modern computer. Lady ada lovelace an armature mathematician and a friend of garbage produced supporting materials for the analytical engine in the form of programs and explanatory documentation. Herman hollerith, a census statistician at the us census bureau between 1880 to 1890 created punch cards and used code tabulatory equipment, the census was completed in 3 years against 11 years originally estimated. With this development hollerith set up his own company the computing tabulating recording company which later became the international business machine corporation ibm in 1924.
     In 1930 and american called vannevar bush built the first analogue computer which was used in the second world war. In 1937 professor howard aiken of harvard university developed an automatic sequence controlled calculator a s.c.c. This was the first digital and was completed in 1944. It was the first electromagnetic machine that could figure out long list of mathematical problem at a fast rate.
 Im 19462 engineers at the university of pennsylvania J. Eckert and 1. Mauchly built digital computer parts using vacuum tubes. It weighs about 30 tons and contained 18000 electronic valves with about 150 watts of power consumption. It was cold eniac electronic numerical igniter and calculator. During the same. John von neumann a mathematician presented technical papers on the store program concept. The stored program concept had the idea of keeping both instruction and data in the memory together. The computer hard the capability of processing data and instruction such as a program can modify another program during execution. It was on this principle that future computers were based. The electronic district storage automatic computer edsac was developed following the stored program in 1949 at the cambridge university in britain by by M.V WILKES.
    Lee deforest invented the demonic valves in 1906. Technological developments give rise to transistors in 1948. Transistors were developed by a team of scientists headed by william shockley at bell laboratory in america. It was an efficient replacement of vacuum tubes. Again came the advent of integrated circuit ics. Which was made commercially available in 1963 . The advancement in semiconductor technology has led to having computers with greater capability, high reliability and reduced size. It has also led to the development of microprocessors with single chip central processing unit and having what length of 4bit, 8bit, 32 bit, and 64 bit system.

    The history of computer can be traced back to the development of a pseudo mechanical decive known as the abacus. The abacus was one of the earliest known computational device which its origin in the ancient babylonian. This was a device in which beads held with strings were manually manipulated with the aim of effecting some calculations.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, many significant development were made, finding an easier means of calculating. In 1649 john napier, a scottish mathematician develop a slide rule which had the capacity of performing multiplication, division, square roots, square, logarithm, e.t.c. The slide rule which is easy to operate is made up of two graduated rules 1 of which side upon the other. Suitable alignment for the slide leads solutions to mathematical problems, which are read of on one of the several scales on each wheel. In 1623, francis bacon made the first known use of binary code for number representation. The binary codes may use of strings of 0's and 1's. In 1642 french man blaise pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine known as machine arithmetic. The device was constructed by a system of dial, each connected to a drum. As the drums rotated cray was generated by a rocket device which caused the next higher drums be stepped onwards only one revolution. Additions and subtractions we are easily done in the device. Multiplications were achieved through a repeated addition while divisions were done though a repeated subtraction.
         In 1671, Gottfried von leibnitz improved on blaise pascal's invention by introducing series of gear changes on the drum producing an effect of a modern gear which made it possible for a direct multiplication and division. Between 1802 and 1804 joseph jacquard french textile manufacturer perfected the idea of the automated loom.

     A database consists of a collection of tables, queries, forms, reports and pages that you used to manage and present data. These components are also called database objects. When you build a database, you create as many of these objects as you need, and dbms stores them in one database file. Each object you create in the database is dependent on other objects. That is not easy to say that query, form, all reports drugs from information from tables, so changing data in any of these objects changes the data in all of these objects. These are seven main elements of database in dbms:

Table . Use table to store data.

 Forms. Use forms to enter or edit the data in your tables. Forms let you view one record at a time.

 Queries. Filter data so that you can retrieve selected records from the database.

 Data access page. Create html pages from a database quickly and effectively.

 Reports. Use reports to deliver a professional presentation or written report.

 Macros. Automate task that you perform on a regular basis in a data base.

 Modules. Automate a group of related procedures in access.

   Communication software software that manage the transfer of data between computer and another in a network. Initially, communication between computers through a modem. Modem is a device which transfer data from one computer to another the telephone line. The connection between computers and this phone is termed dial up connection. The model is fitted into the two computers that are communicating. Today computers are interconnected through speed l a n local area network and wireless connections. There is a lot of communication software that must take part in network must have a network operating system and os among other things. Some popular communications software includes cross talk, fax talk communicator, windows netmeeting, quick line, e.t.c. With communications software packages, you have the following capabilities.

 Online connections. You can make a connection to online service such as american online , microsoft network, and other networks used in the office and the internet.

Use of financial services. You can order good, look up airline schedules and make reservations, follow and engage in stock trading, and even do some banking and bill paying.

 Automatic dialling service. You can set your software to answer for you if somebody calls your computer to dial certain telephone numbers for you automatically and to automatically raise after a certain time if the line is busy.

 Remote access connections. While you are away you can use your portable, mobile pcs to exchange files with your computer at home .

 File transfer service. You can download a file from other computers in the network into your own personal computer and as well upload files to other computers in the network from your pc.

 Fax support you can send and receive fax message from your computer to other computers or even fax machines.

 Electronic mail email services. You can send and receive letters and which attachments from other computers in your network and even other networks. Most times this feature is performed by different software.

 Chatting. You discuss with people who are connected and logged on as though you are sitting face to face with them. Here distance is not any form of barrier as you can stay in your local community and chat with a person in any oversea countries.

 Teleconferencing. Teleconferencing refers to holding a conference by telephone or network connection. Computers has given new meaning to the term because they allow groups to do much more than just talk. once a teleconference is established, the group can share applications and mock up a common white board. there are many data compression applications that work over private networks. One of the first to operate over the internet is microsoft net meeting.

 Video conferencing. Video conferencing is conducting a conference between two or more participants and different geographical locations by using computer networks to transmit audio as well as video data. Each participants in the conference has a video camera, microphone, and speakers mounted on his or her computer. With a conference and allows the participant to sit in a visual conference room and communicate as if they were sitting right next to each other .

 Web browser services. You can view information at the website in form of colourful on-screen magazine styles page with text, pictures sound and even movies.

 Games and entertainment software. Computers are not only meant to make you work until you are tired. It also brings about recreation and entertainment. The entertainment software are on various types sample audio player, sony video player, movie player, et c. A lot of games that will play in the real world have a simulated in the computer and we can play them in the computer either with the computer or with other individuals. Example of some simulated game software soccer, cheers, pinball, golf, solitary, freecell e.t.c.

 Programming languages. These are special codes, which the computer understands by the help of software called compilers or interpreter. The development of computer programming language is a major breakthrough towards the application of computers in various fields of human discipline. There are various forms of programming languages thus:

Low level languages. These are the languages that have to do directly with the computer hardware. They use os and i s2 form commands that cause the computer to perform series of operations as determined by the programmer. These are sometimes called machine languages. Example include assembly language e t c.

 High level languages. These are more like the natural language of the computer user. This type of language does not bother about the knowledge of the computer hardware. It uses the compiler to link the user generated codes and the machine language. It should be noted that the higher a language is the closer it is to the natural language of the computer user. For english language users, the commands are more like english statement. Examples include: basic, fortran, pascal, java, c and c + +, visual basic, html, dbase, ada, et c.

Computer graphics designs include drawing, painting and presentation. With the conventional oil painting, if the artist makes a mistake, he would have to take a rag and wipe it off. But with the computer, it could just press a key on the board to undo the action. Artist and non artist alike can use the computer to create wonderful illustrations and artwork. The following are aspects of computer graphics.

 Presentation graphics. This is a part of presentation software which uses graphics and data information from other software tools to make presentation of documents electronically supervisors or clients very explanatory and attractive. Presentation graphics makes use of some analytical charts like bar, line , I'm pie charts. Popular examples include the microsoft powerpoint what perfect presentations, asap, astound et c. Presentations on weeds presentation software are displayed electronically in slides.
 The package is self comes with slide sorta, and mention effects, sound effects, slide transition effect, e.t.c. the person making the presentation can use the mouse or keyboard to bring the slides up for viewing or even set up an automated self running slide show .

 Drawing programs. This is graphic software that allows users to design an illustrator objects animate or inanimate and products . Drawing software or similar to computer aided design software cag, but with cag there is precise dimensioning and positioning of the object being in australia unlike other drawing software. Popular examples of drawing software include coreldraw, adobe illustrator, macromedia freehand, e t c.