• In monerans, protists, fungi, simple multicellular animals and plants, gaseous exchange occurs through the body coverings such as plasma membrane, epidermis and skin
• Complex animals have specialized respiratory or gaseous exchange structures. These include the gills in aquatic animals, tracheae in terrestrial arthropods and lungs in air breathing vertebrates.
• Gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion or dissolved gases. To improve the rate of diffusion, respiratory structures must have (i) thin gaseous exchange membranes with large, moist (ii) ventilation mechanisms to maintain steep diffusion gradients, and (iii) a close link with the Organism's transport system.
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