Excretory systems according to the degree of complexity of the organism; the mode of life of the organism, I.e. its food, degree of activity, etc.; and the external environment. In simple unicellular organisms, the contractile vacuole serves as an adequate excretory and Osmoregulatory structure. The flame cells , nephridia ( singular: nephridium) and malpighian tubules are important excretory structures in many invertebrates, while the highly specialized kidneys are found in all vertebrates. Plants do not have any special excretory organs.
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